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Palabras clave: Ménière, Gentamicin, Epistemonikos, GRADE.
INTRODUCCION
La enfermedad de Ménière es una anomalía del oído interno de etiología multifactorial, caracterizada por episodios de vértigo espontáneo y recurrente, hipoacusia fluctuante y tinnitus. La terapia con gentamicina intratimpánica para la enfermedad de Ménière ha sido utilizada buscando reducir la intensidad y frecuencia de las crisis, pero se ha asociado a pérdida auditiva, por lo que existe controversia respecto a su eficacia y seguridad.
MÉTODOS
Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE.
RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES
Identificamos 13 revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron 80 estudios primarios, de los cuales tres corresponden a ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que la gentamicina intratimpánica podría reducir el control del vértigo y resultar en poca o nula diferencia sobre el tinnitus, pero la certeza de evidencia es baja. Además, no es posible establecer con claridad si el uso de gentamicina intratimpánica disminuye la audición o la frecuencia de los ataques de vértigo porque la certeza de la evidencia existente ha sido evaluada como muy baja.
La enfermedad de Ménière en una enfermedad crónica, incapacitante y progresiva, caracterizada por vértigo espontáneo episódico recurrente, pérdida de la audición, plenitud aural y tinnitus. El tratamiento inicial consiste en hacer modificaciones al estilo de vida, incluyendo dieta hiposódica y medicamentos diuréticos y betahistina. No obstante, se estima que el 10% [1] de los pacientes es refractario al manejo inicial, es decir, siguen presentando al menos un ataque por mes junto con pérdida auditiva sensorial durante seis meses o más [2], por lo que se plantean otras alternativas de tratamiento, incluyendo intervenciones quirúrgicas de mayor costo y con mayores complicaciones asociadas.
Debido a que no existe un manejo estándar para la enfermedad de Ménière refractaria, múltiples alternativas han sido propuestas, entre ellas, el uso de aminoglucósidos intratimpánicos, específicamente gentamicina, considerada una terapia mínimamente invasiva. La gentamicina actúa a nivel del oído interno, produciendo la ablación parcial o total del órgano vestibular, principalmente en las células ciliadas vestibulares, resultando en control del vértigo con menor daño sobre la función coclear [1]. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso sobre el protocolo para la administración intratimpánica de gentamicina, ni claridad en torno a su efectividad y seguridad.
Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante búsquedas en múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas y analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios. Con esta información, generamos un resumen estructurado denominado FRISBEE (Friendly Summaries of Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos), siguiendo un formato preestablecido, que incluye mensajes clave, un resumen del conjunto de evidencia (presentado como matriz de evidencia en Epistemonikos), metanálisis del total de los estudios cuando sea posible, una tabla de resumen de resultados con el método GRADE y una sección de otras consideraciones para la toma de decisión.
| Mensajes clave 
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| Cuál es la evidencia | Encontramos 13 revisiones sistemáticas [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10],[11], [12], [13], [14], [15], que incluyeron 80 estudios primarios [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], de los cuales tres corresponden a ensayos aleatorizados [23], [73], [87]. Esta tabla y el resumen en general se basan en estos últimos, dado que los estudios observacionales no aumentaban la certeza de la evidencia existente, ni entregaban información adicional relevante. | 
| Qué tipo de pacientes incluyeron los estudios* | Todos los ensayos [23], [73], [87] incluyeron pacientes con enfermedad de Ménière, utilizando los criterios de la guía clínica de 1995 de la American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) para diagnóstico de enfermedad de Ménière unilateral. Dos de los ensayos seleccionaron pacientes sin previa intervención quirúrgica [73], [87] y todos incluyeron pacientes refractarios al manejo conservador, definido como falla luego de seis meses [23], [87] o falla luego de tratamiento con betahistina [73]. En uno de los ensayos [73] se incluyeron pacientes que presentaron respuesta calórica positiva medido por electronistagmografía. | 
| Qué tipo de intervenciones incluyeron los estudios* | Dos ensayos utilizaron gentamicina intratimpánica a 30 mg/ml con un protocolo de titulación semanal [73], [87]. Un ensayo utilizó una dosis de 0,4 ml [73] y el otro de cuatro ml [87]. Uno de ellos instaló un tubo de ventilación en la membrana timpánica cuatro semanas previo al inicio del tratamiento por donde se inyectaba la gentamicina [73], a diferencia del segundo ensayo que usó punción timpánica [87]. El ensayo restante [23], utilizó gentamicina a 40 mg/ml semanal sin definir el volumen. El número de inyecciones difirió entre uno [87] a cuatro [23], [73]. Todos los ensayos compararon contra placebo. Uno de los ensayos inyectó cuatro ml de una solución amortiguadora [87], otro ensayo utilizó 0,4 ml semanal por cuatro semanas [73]. El ensayo restante utilizó NaCl al 0,9% sin especificar dosis [23]. | 
| Qué tipo de desenlaces midieron | Los ensayos reportaron múltiples desenlaces, los cuales fueron agrupados por las revisiones sistemáticas de la siguiente manera: Control del vértigo: se midió según el número de ataques por año y mediante la intensidad del vértigo. 
 El seguimiento promedio de los ensayos fue de 17,7 meses con un rango entre seis y 28 meses [23], [73], [87]. | 
*La información sobre los estudios primarios es extraída desde las revisiones sistemáticas identificadas, no directamente desde los estudios, a menos que se especifique lo contrario.
La información sobre los efectos de la gentamicina intratimpánica sobre la enfermedad de Ménière refractaria está basada en tres ensayos aleatorizados que incluyeron 60 pacientes [23], [73], [87].
Un ensayo midió la reducción de la intensidad del vértigo (28 pacientes) [73] y tres ensayos reportaron pérdida de la audición (60 pacientes) [24], [73], [87]. Ninguna revisión permitió la extracción de datos de la frecuencia de los ataques de vértigo por año y del tinnitus de manera que pudieran ser incorporados a un metanálisis, por lo tanto la información de dicho desenlace se presenta como síntesis narrativa. Ninguno de los ensayos reportó la calidad de vida y efectos adversos.
El resumen de los resultados es el siguiente:

Siga el enlace para acceder a la versión interactiva de esta tabla (Interactive Summary of Findings - iSoF)

| A quién se aplica y a quién no se aplica esta evidencia | 
| 
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| Sobre los desenlaces incluidos en este resumen | 
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| Balance daño/beneficio y certeza de la evidencia | 
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| Consideraciones de recursos | 
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| Qué piensan los pacientes y sus tratantes | 
| 
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| Diferencias entre este resumen y otras fuentes | 
| 
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| ¿Puede que cambie esta información en el futuro? | 
| 
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Recopilamos toda la evidencia relevante para la pregunta de interés y la presentamos en una matriz de evidencia mediante métodos automatizados y colaborativos.

Siga el enlace para acceder a la versión interactiva: Gentamicina intratimpánica comparado con placebo o no tratamiento para enfermedad de Meniere
Notas
Si con posterioridad a la publicación de este resumen se publican nuevas revisiones sistemáticas sobre este tema, en la parte superior de la matriz se mostrará un aviso de “nueva evidencia”. Si bien el proyecto contempla la actualización periódica de estos resúmenes, los usuarios están invitados a comentar en la página web de Medwave o contactar a los autores mediante correo electrónico si creen que hay evidencia que motive una actualización más precoz.
Luego de crear una cuenta en Epistemonikos, al guardar las matrices recibirá notificaciones automáticas cada vez que exista nueva evidencia que potencialmente responda a esta pregunta.
Este artículo es parte del proyecto síntesis de evidencia de Epistemonikos. Se elabora con una metodología preestablecida, siguiendo rigurosos estándares metodológicos y proceso de revisión por pares interno. Cada uno de estos artículos corresponde a un resumen, denominado FRISBEE (Friendly Summary of Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos), cuyo principal objetivo es sintetizar el conjunto de evidencia de una pregunta específica, en un formato amigable a los profesionales clínicos. Sus principales recursos se basan en la matriz de evidencia de Epistemonikos y análisis de resultados usando metodología GRADE. Mayores detalles de los métodos para elaborar este FRISBEE están descritos aquí.
La Fundación Epistemonikos es una organización que busca acercar la información a quienes toman decisiones en salud, mediante el uso de tecnologías. Su principal desarrollo es la base de datos Epistemonikos.
Declaración de conflictos de intereses
Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de intereses con la materia de este artículo.
 
	
			
				
					INTRODUCTION
Ménière's disease is a multifactorial disorder affecting the inner ear, characterized by episodes of spontaneous and recurrent vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss and tinnitus. Intratympanic gentamicin therapy has been used to reduce the intensity and frequency of attacks in intractable Ménière's disease, but it is associated with hearing loss. There is controversy regarding its efficacy and safety.
METHODS
We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
We identified 13 systematic reviews that included 80 primary studies overall, of which three correspond to randomized trials. We concluded that intratympanic gentamicin may improve the control of vertigo, and result in little or no difference to tinnitus, but the certainty of the evidence is low. Furthermore, we are uncertain whether intratympanic gentamicin reduces hearing or the frequency of vertigo attacks as the certainty of the evidence has been assessed as very low.
 Autores:
		Fernanda  de Amesti[1,2], Maria Jesus Santander [2,3], Matias Winter[2,3]
	
	
		Autores:
		Fernanda  de Amesti[1,2], Maria Jesus Santander [2,3], Matias Winter[2,3]
		 
	Citación: de Amesti , Santander , Winter . Intratympanic gentamicin compared with placebo for Ménière's disease . Medwave 2022;22(02):e8695 doi: 10.5867/medwave.2022.02.8695
Fecha de publicación: 22/3/2022
Origen: Este artículo es producto del Epistemonikos Evidence Synthesis Project de la Fundación Epistemonikos, en colaboración con Medwave para su publicación.
Tipo de revisión: Con revisión por pares sin ciego por parte del equipo metodológico del Centro Evidencia UC Synthesis Project
 
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Kinga Harmat, Adrienne Németh. Efficacy and safety of intratympanic steroid and gentamicin treatment of Ménière’s disease: a meta-analysis. PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018095413  | Link | Estudios originales
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