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Medwave 2015 Abr;15(3):e6125 doi: 10.5867/medwave.2015.03.6125
¿Es beneficiosa la profilaxis antibiótica en la pancreatitis aguda? - Primera actualización
Is antibiotic prophylaxis beneficial in acute pancreatitis? - First update
Gabriel Rada, José Peña
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Abstract

This Living FRISBEE (Living FRIendly Summary of the Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos) is an update of the summary published in August 2014, based on two systematic reviews appeared in January and February 2015. There is controversy about the effects of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Searching in Epistemonikos database, which is maintained by screening 30 databases, we identified 18 systematic reviews including 19 randomised studies overall. We combined the evidence using meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings following the GRADE approach. We concluded that prophylactic antibiotics may reduce mortality and length of hospitalization in patients with acute pancreatitis, but the certainty of the evidence is low. The probability that future evidence change what we know is high.


 
About the update

The article updates the August 2014 Living FRISBEE (Living FRIendly Summary of the Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos) (doi: 10.5867/medwave.2014.07.6004) by including two new systematic reviews that appeared after publication of the original article [1],[2].

The new evidence incorporated in this summary does not lead to a modification on the certainty of the evidence, the key messages or other considerations for decision-making.

Notwithstanding, it is important to mention that our summary (consistent with the new reviews) is discordant with the results of the majority of previous systematic reviews and guidelines.

Key messages

  • Antibiotic prophylaxis may reduce mortality and length of hospitalization in patients with acute pancreatitis, especially if administered early.
  • In spite of the large number of systematic reviews and studies, which may suggest the subject is exhausted, the correct statement is there is not enough evidence yet.
  • The likelihood that new evidence might change what we know is high. Any recommendation formulated at this moment should be reviewed in the light of new evidence.
Problem

Most cases of acute pancreatitis are mild but some patients develop a severe form of this condition characterized by organ dysfunction and/or local complications, such as pancreatic necrosis.

The initial stage is characterized by complications derived from the inflammatory systemic response, and in the second stage infectious complications might ensue with associated morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic prophylaxis has been proposed as an alternative to avoid the latter, but its use is controversial since it is also associated with adverse effects and antibiotic resistance.

Methods

We used Epistemonikos database, which is maintained by screening more than 30 databases, to identify systematic reviews and their included primary studies. With this information, we generated a structured summary using a pre-established format, which includes key messages, a summary of the body of evidence (presented as an evidence matrix in Epistemonikos), meta-analysis of the total of studies, a summary of findings table following the GRADE approach and a table of other considerations for decision-making.

About the body of evidence for this question

What is the evidence.(See evidence matrix  in Epistemonikos later).

 

We found 18 systematic reviews  [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],
[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18] 
 including 19 randomized controlled trials reported in 20 articles,
[19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32],
[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38], and two observational studies  [39],[40].This table and the summary in general are based on the randomized studies. 
What types of patients were included.

Most studies included patients with necrotizing pancreatitis [19],[29],[32],[35], severe pancreatitis [27],[33],[34],[38], any of these  [24],[28],[31],[37], ], or severe necrotizing pancreatitis [22],[26],[30].

One study included patients with alcoholic pancreatitis plus two or more collections  [21] and three old studies included patients based only on clinical and biochemical criteria  [20],[23],[25].

What types of interventions were included.

All studies except one [27] used intravenous antibiotics. 

Two studies used ampicillin  [20],[23], one ampicillin or lincomycin  [25], six imipenem [19],[28],[29],[30],[37],[38], two meropenem [22],[36], one ciprofloxacin [24] and three used a combination of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole [26],[34],[35]. Five studies allowed different antibiotic options  [21],[22],[27],[31],[32]. 

What types of outcomes were measured.

 All studies measured mortality, but only three reported length of hospitalization. Other outcomes reported were pancreatic or peripancreatic infection, fungal infection, surgical intervention need, non-pancreatic infection, sepsis. 
Summary of findings

This information is based on 19 studies including 1178 patients. All studies evaluated mortality but only three (153 patients) measured length of hospitalization.

  • Antibiotic prophylaxis may reduce mortality and length of hospitalization in patients with acute pancreatitis, but the certainty of the evidence is low.

Other considerations for decision-making

To whom this evidence does and does not apply
  • Most studies included patients with severe acute pancreatitis, based on radiological or clinical criteria. There is little direct evidence for less severe patients, but it is unlikely that a relevant clinical benefit exists in this group.
  • Most studies do not make distinction based on cause of pancreatitis, so this evidence is applicable to any etiology.
  • One review [2] presents an analysis of studies in which prophylaxis was administered early (first 72 hours after beginning of symptoms, or first 48 hours of hospitalization) concluding there is a larger and more certain benefit in this subgroup (relative risk for mortality 0.52 [95% confidence interval 0.29 to 0.95]; moderate certainty of the evidence). Unfortunately, the approach proposed by these researchers does not allow to clarify if it is a credible effect or not, since the whole group is needed in order to test this hypothesis. 
 About the outcomes included in this summary
  • This summary synthesizes the effects on mortality and length of hospitalization, which were considered as critical outcomes for decision-making by the authors of this article.
  • Other outcomes might be needed to make decisions in individual cases, but without more certainty about the direction and magnitude of the effect on mortality and length of hospitalization, it is unlikely that they would change the decisions.
 Balance between benefits and risks, and certainty of the evidence
  • The certainty of the evidence is low, so it is difficult to estimate the balance between benefits and risks, which will probably change with new information.
  • The risks and costs of antibiotic prophylaxis are well known, and they affect both the individual and the population.
  • If there were a clinically relevant benefit in mortality, the balance would be inclined in favour of the intervention. If the benefit were only observed on length of hospitalization or other outcomes, the balance would not be as clear. 
 Resource considerations
  • The direct cost of prophylactic antibiotics and the indirect cost derived from their excessive use are high, especially in critical care units.

Differences between this summary and other sources
  • The number of systematic reviews that have addressed this question is particularly large. This reflects the relevance of the question but also the existing uncertainty that arises from the body of primary studies, which have risk of bias and imprecision.
  • Even though no systematic review includes all of the studies identified in the matrix of evidence, the estimates of the more recent systematic reviews are similar to ours (in effect, relative risk 0.74 for mortality [95% confidence interval 0.50 to 1.07] in the more complete review [18]). The interpretation provided by most reviews is that there is “no effect”. However, despite the large volume of systematic reviews and studies, which might suggest that the question is exhausted, the correct statement is “there is not enough evidence”.
  • One of the more recent reviews [1] presents an analysis that includes two observational studies in the meta-analysis [39],[40]. The inclusion of evidence coming from observational studies when there is a substantial body of evidence originating from randomized trials is inadvisable, as is pooling their results. The authors of this new review approach this problem by presenting a separate analysis by design. Unfortunately, it is confusing instead of clarifying.
  • The main guidelines incorporate a relatively low proportion of the existing evidence and   their recommendations slightly vary [41],[42],[43]. For instance, the American Gastroenterology Association states it is not possible to make a recommendation (and it might be used in some cases) [42] and the American College of Gastroenterology makes a strong recommendation against the use of prophylactic antibiotics [41].
  • It is important to bear in mind that GRADE makes a distinction between the certainty of the evidence for guidelines and systematic reviews. For the former it refers to the confidence in the estimates of effect, for the latter refers to the level of confidence on the estimate in order to support a particular decision [44]. 
Could this evidence change in the future?
  • The probability of new evidence changing what we know is high. Any recommendation formulated at this moment should be reviewed in the light of new evidence.
  • We are not aware of ongoing studies answering this question.
How we conducted this summary

Using automated and collaborative means, we compiled all the relevant evidence for the question of interest and we present it as a matrix of evidence.

Matrix of evidence

Follow the link to access the interactive version Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo for acute pancreatitis

Notes

The upper portion of the matrix of evidence will display a warning of “new evidence” if new systematic reviews are published after the publication of this summary. Even though the project considers the periodical update of these summaries, users are invited to comment in Medwave or to contact the authors through email if they find new evidence and the summary should be updated earlier. After creating an account in Epistemonikos, users will be able to save the matrixes and to receive automated notifications any time new evidence potentially relevant for the question appears.

The details about the methods used to produce these summaries are described here: http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2014.06.5997.

Epistemonikos foundation is a non-for-profit organization aiming to bring information closer to health decision-makers with technology. Its main development is Epistemonikos database (www.epistemonikos.org).

These summaries follow a rigorous process of internal peer review.

Potential conflicts of interest
The authors do not have relevant interests to declare.

Matrix of evidence
Licencia Creative Commons Esta obra de Medwave está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 3.0 Unported. Esta licencia permite el uso, distribución y reproducción del artículo en cualquier medio, siempre y cuando se otorgue el crédito correspondiente al autor del artículo y al medio en que se publica, en este caso, Medwave.

 

This Living FRISBEE (Living FRIendly Summary of the Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos) is an update of the summary published in August 2014, based on two systematic reviews appeared in January and February 2015. There is controversy about the effects of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Searching in Epistemonikos database, which is maintained by screening 30 databases, we identified 18 systematic reviews including 19 randomised studies overall. We combined the evidence using meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings following the GRADE approach. We concluded that prophylactic antibiotics may reduce mortality and length of hospitalization in patients with acute pancreatitis, but the certainty of the evidence is low. The probability that future evidence change what we know is high.

Autores: Gabriel Rada[1,2,3,4,5], José Peña[1,2,5]

Filiación:
[1] Programa de Salud Basada en Evidencia, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
[2] Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
[3] GRADE working group
[4] The Cochrane Collaboration
[5] Fundación Epistemonikos

E-mail: radagabriel@epistemonikos.org

Correspondencia a:
[1] Facultad de Medicina
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Lira 63,
Santiago Centro
Chile

Citación: Rada G, Peña J. Is antibiotic prophylaxis beneficial in acute pancreatitis? - First update. Medwave 2015 Abr;15(3):e6125 doi: 10.5867/medwave.2015.03.6125

Fecha de publicación: 23/4/2015

Ficha PubMed

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  2. Ukai T, Shikata S, Inoue M, Noguchi Y, Igarashi H, Isaji S, et al. Early prophylactic antibiotics administration for acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2015 Apr;22(4):316-21. | CrossRef | PubMed |
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Lim CL, Lee W, Liew YX, Tang SS, Chlebicki MP, Kwa AL. Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2015 Mar;19(3):480-91. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Ukai T, Shikata S, Inoue M, Noguchi Y, Igarashi H, Isaji S, et al. Early prophylactic antibiotics administration for acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2015 Apr;22(4):316-21. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Sharma VK, Howden CW. Prophylactic antibiotic administration reduces sepsis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Pancreas. 2001 2001;22(1):28-31. | PubMed |

Rao C-Y, Zhao X-Y, Hu C-L. Role of prophylactic antibiotics in the management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: A meta-analysis. World Chinese Journal of Digestology. 2012;20(14):1246-51.

Mazaki T1, Ishii Y, Takayama T. Meta-analysis of prophylactic antibiotic use in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2006 Jun;93(6):674-84. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Xiong GS1, Wu SM, Wang ZH. Role of prophylactic antibiotic administration in severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Med Princ Pract. 2006;15(2):106-10. | CrossRef | PubMed |

de Vries AC1, Besselink MG, Buskens E, Ridwan BU, Schipper M, van Erpecum KJ, et al. Randomized controlled trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis: relationship between methodological quality and outcome. Pancreatology. 2007;7(5-6):531-8. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Bai Y, Gao J, Zou DW, Li ZS. Prophylactic antibiotics cannot reduce infected pancreatic necrosis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jan;103(1):104-10. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Villatoro E, Mulla M, Larvin M. Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 May 12;(5):CD002941. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Hart PA, Bechtold ML, Marshall JB, Choudhary A, Puli SR, Roy PK. Prophylactic antibiotics in necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. South Med J. 2008 Nov;101(11):1126-31. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Jafri NS, Mahid SS, Idstein SR, Hornung CA, Galandiuk S. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not protective in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg. 2009 Jun;197(6):806-13. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Xu T, Cai Q. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: results from a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(10):1249-58. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Golub R, Siddiqi F, Pohl D. Role of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: A meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 1998 Nov-Dec;2(6):496-503. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Bai Y, Gao J, Zou DW, Li ZS. Antibiotics prophylaxis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: an update.Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar;105(3):705-7. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Yao L, Huang X, Li Y, Shi R, Zhang G. Prophylactic antibiotics reduce pancreatic necrosis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Dig Surg. 2010;27(6):442-9. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Dambrauskas Z, Gulbinas A, Pundzius J, Barauskas G. Meta-analysis of prophylactic parenteral antibiotic use in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2007;43(4):291-300. | PubMed | Link |

Jiang K, Huang W, Yang XN, Xia Q. Present and future of prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jan 21;18(3):279-84. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Wittau M, Mayer B, Scheele J, Henne-Bruns D, Dellinger EP, Isenmann R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar;46(3):261-70. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Barreda L, Targarona J, Milian W, Portugal J, Sequeiros J, Pando E, Calisto JL. Is the prophylactic antibiotic therapy with Imipenem effective for patients with pancreatic necrosis?. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2009 Mar;39(1):24-9. | PubMed |

Craig RM, Dordal E, Myles L. Letter: The use of ampicillin in acute pancreatitis. Annals of internal medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1975 Dec;83(6):831-2. | PubMed |

Delcenserie R, Yzet T, Ducroix JP. Prophylactic antibiotics in treatment of severe acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1996;13(2):198-201. | PubMed |

Dellinger EP, Tellado JM, Soto NE, Ashley SW, Barie PS, Dugernier T, et al. Early antibiotic treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Annals of surgery. 2007;245(5):674-83. | PubMed |

Finch WT, Sawyers JL, Schenker S. A prospective study to determine the efficacy of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Annals of surgery. 1976 183(6):667-71. | PubMed |

García-Barrasa A, Borobia FG, Pallares R, Jorba R, Poves I, Busquets J, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009 Apr;13(4):768-74. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Howes R, Zuidema GD, Cameron JL. Evaluation of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. The Journal of surgical research. 1975;18(2):197-200. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Isenmann R, Rünzi M, Kron M, Kahl S, Kraus D, Jung N, et al. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(4):997-1004. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Luiten EJ, Hop WC, Lange JF, Bruining HA. Controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Annals of surgery. 1995;222(1):57-65. | PubMed |

Nordback I, Sand J, Saaristo R, Paajanen H. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis--a single-center randomized study. J Gastrointest Surg. 2001 Mar-Apr;5(2):113-8; discussion 118-20. | PubMed |

Pederzoli P, Bassi C, Vesentini S, Campedelli A. A randomized multicenter clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis with imipenem. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics. 1993;176(5):480-3. | PubMed |

Røkke O, Harbitz TB, Liljedal J, Pettersen T, Fetvedt T, Heen L, et al. Early treatment of severe pancreatitis with imipenem: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jun;42(6):771-6. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Taavitsainen M, Kivisaari L, Valtonen V, et al. Early antibiotic treatment in acute necrotising pancreatitis. Lancet. 1995;346(8976):663-7. | PubMed |

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Edición Julio 2022
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