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Living FRIendly Summaries of the Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos (FRISBEE)
Medwave 2017 Nov-Dic; 17(9):e7081 doi: 10.5867/medwave.2017.09.7081
Early versus late surgical correction in congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Alexandra Yunes, Matías Luco, Juan Carlos Pattillo
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Abstract

INTRODUCTION
The timing of surgical repair in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia has been a controversial topic over the years, and there is still no agreement as to whether immediate repair or late surgery with preoperative stabilization is preferable.

METHODS
To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
We identified four systematic reviews including 38 studies overall, of which two were randomized trials. We concluded it is not clear whether immediate surgical repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia increases mortality or decreases hospitalization days compared to late repair because the certainty of evidence is very low.


 
Problem

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia presents with a prevalence of 2 to 4 per 10,000 live births and is associated with high mortality and high costs. Despite significant advances in neonatal and surgical care, management of newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia remains a challenge. As for timing of surgical repair, since the 1980s most investigators have advocated delayed surgery, post-preoperative stabilization, using a variety of ventilatory strategies. If late surgery is beneficial compared to immediate repair is still a controversial issue; a convincing improvement in survival has not yet been documented after this strategy is implemented. Patients who survive the neonatal period require long-term follow-up as they are more likely to develop important morbidity, such as chronic lung disease, gastroesophageal reflux, growth restriction, neurological and sensory abnormalities. Due to the high mortality and associated morbidity, it is important to find the best possible alternative to lower these rates.
In congenital diaphragmatic hernia, there is a defect in the diaphragm that allows the passage of intra-abdominal organs (small intestine, stomach, spleen, liver, etc.) to the thoracic cavity; this occupation determines compression of the thoracic organs during its development, which causes hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension, which affect the normal transition of the cardiorespiratory system at the time of birth. One of the most important prognostic factors in these patients is the presence of pulmonary hypertension, also called persistent fetal circulation. Immediate repair may be beneficial in avoiding persistent pulmonary compression, making ventilation easier for these patients in theory. On the other hand, delayed surgery would allow the patient to make a more adequate transition to extra uterine life, allowing time for hemodynamic adaptation to better cope with the impact of early surgery that could aggravate preexisting pulmonary hypertension. Our purpose is to review available evidence about the optimum timing of repair.

Methods

To answer the question, we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others, to identify systematic reviews and their included primary studies. We extracted data from the identified reviews and reanalyzed data from primary studies included in those reviews. With this information, we generated a structured summary denominated FRISBEE (Friendly Summary of Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos) using a pre-established format, which includes key messages, a summary of the body of evidence (presented as an evidence matrix in Epistemonikos), meta-analysis of the total of studies when it is possible, a summary of findings table following the GRADE approach and a table of other considerations for decision-making. 

Key messages

  • It is not clear whether immediate surgical repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia increases mortality because the certainty of the evidence is very low.
  • It is not clear whether immediate surgical repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia decreases the days of hospitalization because the certainty of the evidence is very low.
  • Given the uncertainty derived from the available evidence, it is not possible to make an adequate balance on the risk / benefit of early intervention.
About the body of evidence for this question

What is the evidence.
See evidence matrix  in Epistemonikos later

We found four systematic reviews [1],[2],[3],[4] which together include 38 primary studies [5],[6],[7],[8],
[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],
[20],[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[30],
[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],
[42], of which two are randomized controlled trials [5],[6]. This table and the summary in general are based on the latter, since the inclusion of the rest of the studies does not increase the certainty of the evidence nor provides relevant additional information.

What types of patients were included*

The two randomized trials [5],[6] included newborn patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia which were symptomatic at birth; one of these with the additional requirement that they were symptomatic at within the 12 hours from birth [6].

What types of interventions were included*

The two trials [5],[6] evaluated immediate surgical repair, and compared it with late repair.One trial [5] defined immediate repair to the surgery performed within the first 4 hours of admission to the center, and late repair to that performed at least after 24 hours, at the time when the patient was considered stable. The other trial [6] defined immediate repair to the surgery performed within the first 6 hours of admission to the center, and late repair to that performed after 96 hours, when there was no evidence of pulmonary hypertension.

What types of outcomes
were measured

The studies measured multiple outcomes, however, those that were grouped in the identified reviews were: 

  • Mortality
  • Time of hospitalization in survivors
  • Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  • Type of procedure used
  • Complications

* The information about primary studies is extracted from the systematic reviews identified, unless otherwise specified.

Summary of findings

The information on the effects of immediate versus late surgical repair in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia is based on two randomized trials [5],[6] including 84 patients in total. Both trials reported the outcome mortality and hospitalization time in survivors. One trial [6] further measured the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, the type of procedure used and the complications associated with the interventions. The summary of findings is as follows:

  • It is not clear whether immediate surgical repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia increases mortality because the certainty of the evidence is very low.
  • It is not clear whether immediate surgical repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia decreases the length of hospitalization, because the certainty of the evidence is very low.

Other considerations for decision-making

To whom this evidence does and does not apply
  • The evidence presented in this summary applies to newborn patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. It excludes patients with late presentation of diaphragmatic hernia, referring to patients who present symptoms after 12 hours from birth and patients with acquired diaphragmatic hernia.
About the outcomes included in this summary
  • The outcomes included in the summary of findings table are those considered critical for decision-making by the authors of this summary. These generally coincide with those evaluated in the systematic reviews identified and in the main clinical guidelines.
  • It should be noted that these trials did not analyze how other factors affect outcomes, such as the use of prenatal steroids, ventilation, the severity of pulmonary hypertension, therapies to treat pulmonary hypertension and the use of oxygenation of extracorporeal membrane.
  • In addition, there is bias in the risk of morbidity and mortality in these patients, due to what is known as "hidden mortality", determined by patients who die before reaching the referral center, or by patients (mainly with poor prognosis) that are aborted before birth.
Balance between benefits and risks, and certainty of the evidence
  • Given the uncertainty derived from the available evidence, it is not possible to make an adequate balance on the risk/benefit of this intervention.
Resource considerations
  • Although late surgery could prolong hospital stay, it is not possible to make an adequate balance between cost and benefit because of the uncertainty regarding the latter, as there is no clear difference in mortality between one intervention and another.
What would patients and their doctors think about this intervention
  • Faced with the evidence presented in this summary there should be wide variability in individual decisions. However, today it is more likely to opt to operate late, when sustained stability has been achieved, assuming that patients are better prepared to undergo surgery. In addition, if the patient does not reach hemodynamic stability to be operated, the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation provides an alternative of stabilization in order to be able to perform surgery under cardiorespiratory bypass.
  • It is especially important to convey the existing uncertainty to patients and their families.

Differences between this summary and other sources
  • The conclusions of this summary are consistent with the four identified systematic reviews [1],[2],[3],[4].
  • Our summary does not coincide with the Consensus of the European Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Consortium (updated in 2015) [43], which gives standardized recommendations on the postnatal management of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe. They recommend that surgical repair of the diaphragmatic defect should be performed after clinical stabilization, defined by normal mean arterial pressure for gestation, pre-ductal saturation levels of 85-95% with FiO2 below 50%, lactate below 3 mmol/l and urine diuresis at 1 ml/kg/hr. Although they recognize that the evidence in this respect is limited.
Could this evidence change in the future?
  • The probability that the conclusions reached in this summary change with future trials is high, due to the uncertainty that exists, and to the technological and therapy changes that are being applied in this specific condition.
  • We did not identify any ongoing trial evaluating this question in the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization.How we conducted this summary.
How we conducted this summary

Using automated and collaborative means, we compiled all the relevant evidence for the question of interest and we present it as a matrix of evidence.

Follow the link to access the interactive version: Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Notes

The upper portion of the matrix of evidence will display a warning of “new evidence” if new systematic reviews are published after the publication of this summary. Even though the project considers the periodical update of these summaries, users are invited to comment in Medwave or to contact the authors through email if they find new evidence and the summary should be updated earlier.

After creating an account in Epistemonikos, users will be able to save the matrixes and to receive automated notifications any time new evidence potentially relevant for the question appears.

This article is part of the Epistemonikos Evidence Synthesis project. It is elaborated with a pre-established methodology, following rigorous methodological standards and internal peer review process. Each of these articles corresponds to a summary, denominated FRISBEE (Friendly Summary of Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos), whose main objective is to synthesize the body of evidence for a specific question, with a friendly format to clinical professionals. Its main resources are based on the evidence matrix of Epistemonikos and analysis of results using GRADE methodology. Further details of the methods for developing this FRISBEE are described here (http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2014.06.5997)

Epistemonikos foundation is a non-for-profit organization aiming to bring information closer to health decision-makers with technology. Its main development is Epistemonikos database (www.epistemonikos.org).

Potential conflicts of interest

The authors do not have relevant interests to declare.

Licencia Creative Commons Esta obra de Medwave está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 3.0 Unported. Esta licencia permite el uso, distribución y reproducción del artículo en cualquier medio, siempre y cuando se otorgue el crédito correspondiente al autor del artículo y al medio en que se publica, en este caso, Medwave.

 

INTRODUCTION
The timing of surgical repair in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia has been a controversial topic over the years, and there is still no agreement as to whether immediate repair or late surgery with preoperative stabilization is preferable.

METHODS
To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
We identified four systematic reviews including 38 studies overall, of which two were randomized trials. We concluded it is not clear whether immediate surgical repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia increases mortality or decreases hospitalization days compared to late repair because the certainty of evidence is very low.

Authors: Alexandra Yunes[1,2], Matías Luco[2,3], Juan Carlos Pattillo[2,4]

Affiliation:
[1] Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
[2] Proyecto Epistemonikos, Santiago, Chile
[3] Departamento de Neonatología, División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
[4] Sección Cirugía Pediátrica, División de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

E-mail: mluco@med.puc.cl

Author address:
[1] Centro Evidencia UC
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Centro de Innovación UC Anacleto Angelini
Avda.Vicuña Mackenna 4860
Macul
Santiago
Chile

Citation: Yunes A, Luco M, Pattillo J. Early versus late surgical correction in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Medwave 2017 Nov-Dic; 17(9):e7081 doi: 10.5867/medwave.2017.09.7081

Submission date: 27/5/2017

Acceptance date: 23/10/2017

Publication date: 15/11/2017

Origin: This article is a product of the Evidence Synthesis Project of Epistemonikos Fundation, in collaboration with Medwave for its publication.

Type of review: Non-blinded peer review by members of the methodological team of Epistemonikos Evidence Synthesis Project.

PubMed record

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Moyer V, Moya F, Tibboel R, Losty P, Nagaya M, Lally KP. Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD001695. | PubMed |

1. Puligandla PS, Grabowski J, Austin M, Hedrick H, Renaud E, Arnold M, Williams RF, Graziano K, Dasgupta R, McKee M, Lopez ME, Jancelewicz T, Goldin A, Downard CD, Islam S. Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review from the APSA outcomes and evidence based practice committee. J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Nov;50(11):1958-70. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Skari H, Bjornland K, Haugen G, Egeland T, Emblem R. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a meta-analysis of mortality factors. J Pediatr Surg. 2000 Aug;35(8):1187-97. | PubMed |

Niramis R. Technology assessment for management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: immediate versus delayed surgery. J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 Aug;86 Suppl 3:S727-33. | PubMed |

de la Hunt MN, Madden N, Scott JE, Matthews JN, Beck J, Sadler C, Barrett AM, Boddy SA, Bray RJ, Cusick E, Gardner L, Hargrave SA, Hinton W, Rangecroft L, Spicer R, Stafford M, Thomas D, Vallis CJ, Wagget J. Is delayed surgery really better for congenital diaphragmatic hernia?: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Pediatr Surg. 1996 Nov;31(11):1554-6. | PubMed |

1. Nio M, Haase G, Kennaugh J, Bui K, Atkinson JB. A prospective randomized trial of delayed versus immediate repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1994 May;29(5):618-21. | PubMed |

1. Azarow K, Messineo A, Pearl R, Filler R, Barker G, Bohn D. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia--a tale of two cities: the Toronto experience. J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Mar;32(3):395-400. | PubMed |

Hollinger LE, Lally PA, Tsao K, Wray CJ, Lally KP; Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group.. A risk-stratified analysis of delayed congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: does timing of operation matter? Surgery. 2014 Aug;156(2):475-82. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Lally KP, Paranka MS, Roden J, Georgeson KE, Wilson JM, Lillehei CW, Breaux CW Jr, Poon M, Clark RH, Atkinson JB. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Stabilization and repair on ECMO. Ann Surg. 1992 Nov;216(5):569-73. | PubMed | PMC |

1. Steimle CN, Meric F, Hirschl RB, Bozynski M, Coran AG, Bartlett RH. Effect of extracorporeal life support on survival when applied to all patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1994 Aug;29(8):997-1001. | PubMed |

Coughlin JP, Drucker DE, Cullen ML, Klein MD. Delayed repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am Surg. 1993 Feb;59(2):90-3. | PubMed |

Partridge EA, Peranteau WH, Rintoul NE, Herkert LM, Flake AW, Adzick NS, Hedrick HL. Timing of repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Feb;50(2):260-2. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Langer JC, Filler RM, Bohn DJ, Shandling B, Ein SH, Wesson DE, Superina RA. Timing of surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is emergency operation necessary? J Pediatr Surg. 1988 Aug;23(8):731-4. | PubMed |

Wilson JM, Lund DP, Lillehei CW, Vacanti JP. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia--a tale of two cities: the Boston experience. J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Mar;32(3):401-5. | PubMed |

Lessin MS, Thompson IM, Deprez MF, Cullen ML, Whittlesey GC, Klein MD. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia with or without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: are we making progress? J Am Coll Surg. 1995 Jul;181(1):65-71. | PubMed |

Sigalet DL, Tierney A, Adolph V, Perreault T, Finer N, Hallgren R, Laberge JM. Timing of repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. J Pediatr Surg. 1995 Aug;30(8):1183-7. | PubMed |

Reickert CA, Hirschl RB, Atkinson JB, Dudell G, Georgeson K, Glick P, Greenspan J, Kays D, Klein M, Lally KP, Mahaffey S, Ryckman F, Sawin R, Short BL, Stolar CJ, Thompson A, Wilson JM. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia survival and use of extracorporeal life support at selected level III nurseries with multimodality support. Surgery. 1998 Mar;123(3):305-10. | PubMed |

Finer NN, Tierney A, Etches PC, Peliowski A, Ainsworth W. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: developing a protocolized approach. J Pediatr Surg. 1998 Sep;33(9):1331-7. | PubMed |

Fallon SC, Cass DL, Olutoye OO, Zamora IJ, Lazar DA, Larimer EL, Welty SE, Moise AA, Demny AB, Lee TC. Repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO): does early repair improve patient survival? J Pediatr Surg. 2013 Jun;48(6):1172-6. | CrossRef | PubMed |

Vazquez WD, Cheu HW. Hemorrhagic complications and repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias: does timing of the repair make a difference? Data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29(8):1002–5 [discussion 1005–6].

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July 2022, Vol 22, Issue 6
icon Research papers
Association of biomarkers and severity of COVID-19: A crosssectional study

Systematization of initiatives in sexual and reproductive health about good practices criteria in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in primary health care in Chile

Clinical, psychological, social, and family characterization of suicidal behavior in Chilean adolescents: a multiple correspondence analysis

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