About the update

This article updates the June 2015 Living FRISBEE (Living FRISBEE: Living FRIendly Summary of the Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos) (doi: 10.5867/medwave.2015.6160),based on the detection of a new systematic review not identified in the previous version. [1], which did not include any primary study not previously retrieved.

The new evidence incorporated in this summary does not lead to changes on the certainty of the evidence, the estimate of the magnitude of effects, the key messages or the considerations for decision-making.

Problem

The infection rate after spinal surgery ranges from 0.5 to 12 %. For decades, efforts have been made in order to implement different measures to reduce this risk and thus improve surgical outcomes. Adding intrawound vancomycin powder could decrease the risk of infection and associated complications.

Methods

We used Epistemonikos database, which is maintained by screening more than 30 databases, to identify systematic reviews and their included primary studies. With this information we generated a structured summary using a pre-established format, which includes key messages, a summary of the body of evidence (presented as an evidence matrix in Epistemonikos), meta-analysis of the total of studies, a summary of findings table following the GRADE approach and a table of other considerations for decision-making.

About the body of evidence for this question

What is the evidence. See evidence matrix  in Epistemonikos later	We found seven systematic reviews [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7] that consider 16 primary studies (reported in 17 references) [8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24]. Including only one randomized controlled trial [22].
What types of patients were included	The 16 studies included adults; three studies included posterior cervical surgery [8],[16],[20],[24], six studies (including the only randomized trial) cervical and posterior thoracolumbar surgery [9],[12],[15],[18],[21],[22], four posterior thoracolumbar surgery [13],[14],[19],[23], one posterior lumbar [17] and two studies did not specify the type of surgery [10],[11].  Three studies (including the only randomized trial) analyzed separately instrumented and non-instrumented surgery [11],[17],[22].
What types of interventions were included	The intervention was vancomycin powder. Nine studies (including the randomized) administered one gram of vancomycin powder [8],[9],[10],[15],[17],[20],[21],[22],[23] , three studies used two grams [13],[14],[19], two studies 0.5 to 2 grams [11],[12], one study one to two grams [18] and one study 500 mg [16],[24]. All studies compared against standard treatment which corresponds to intravenous cefazolin.
What types of outcomes were measured	Risk of infection, Staphylococcus aureus infection, pseudarthrosis.

Summary of findings

The information on the effects of vancomycin powder on the surgical site is based on one randomized controlled trial including 907 patients. We conducted an evaluation of the certainty of the evidence coming from 15 non-randomized studies, which produced lower certainty than the only randomized trial. So, we considered it for the formulation of key messages and considerations for decision-making, but not for the summary of findings table.

• Vancomycin powder probably does not decrease surgical site infection in low-risk spinal surgery. The certainty of the evidence is moderate.

Other considerations for decision-making

To whom this evidence does and does not apply

This evidence applies to adult patients submitted to a wide range of spinal surgeries. However, given the more reliable information comes from a single randomized trial with a relatively low risk of infection, it must be applied cautiously to patients or surgeries with a higher risk. In patients and surgeries described in the observational studies we cannot tell if vancomycin decreases risk of infection because the certainty of the evidence is very low. This evidence does not apply to pediatric population which constitutes a different group of surgeries, with distinctive characteristics.

About the outcomes included in this summary

The selected outcome is surgical site infection, which constitutes the critical outcome for decision-making according to the main guideline and the judgment of the authors of this summary.

Balance between benefits and risks, and certainty of the evidence

Considering there is no benefit with moderate certainty it is unlikely that the benefit/risk ratio for this intervention is favourable. Given the higher risk of infection in some cases, and the relatively low-cost and safety of the intervention, some clinicians might be inclined to use it despite existing uncertainty in immunosuppressed patients, long-term steroid use, associated neuromuscular disease, previous infected surgery, long instrumented arthrodeses,  double approach (anterior and posterior), revision surgery and prolonged surgery.

Resource considerations

Considering the probable abscence of benefit, it is unlikely it constitutes a cost-effective intervention, but it is not possible to make any inference for patients or surgeries with a higher risk of infection based on the analysed studies.

Differences between this summary and other sources

Our summary is in agreement with the more recent systematic review that warns the evidence is weak and more information is needed before adopting this intervention [3]. The other reviews identified provide a more favourable conclusion because they did not include the randomized study or did not take into consideration the differences in study  designs when making conclusions. Our summary is in partial agreement with the main guideline in this area (North American Spine Society) [25] which suggests using vancomycin powder in prolonged surgeries, instrumented surgeries or comorbidities such as diabetes, neuromuscular disease and neurological damage. This guideline does not include the randomized trial, since it incorporated evidence up to June 2011.

Could this evidence change in the future?

The probability of future evidence changing what we know is low, because of the level of certainty of the evidence. Future controlled studies in patients or surgeries with a higher risk of infection have a high likelihood of changing what we know.

How we conducted this summary

Using automated and collaborative means, we compiled all the relevant evidence for the question of interest and we present it as a matrix of evidence.

Matrix of evidence (static version).

Follow the link to access the interactive version: Vancomicyn powder vs endovenous antibiotic prophylaxis to avoid surgical site infection in patients with spine surgery

Notes

The upper portion of the matrix of evidence will display a warning of “new evidence” if new systematic reviews are published after the publication of this summary. Even though the project considers the periodical update of these summaries, users are invited to comment in Medwave or to contact the authors through email if they find new evidence and the summary should be updated earlier. After creating an account in Epistemonikos, users will be able to save the matrixes and to receive automated notifications any time new evidence potentially relevant for the question appears.

The details about the methods used to produce these summaries are described here http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2014.06.5997.

Epistemonikos foundation is a non-for-profit organization aiming to bring information closer to health decision-makers with technology. Its main development is Epistemonikos database (www.epistemonikos.org).

These summaries follow a rigorous process of internal peer review.

Conflicts of interest
The authors do not have relevant interests to declare.

Matrix of evidence (static version).

Esta obra de Medwave está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 3.0 Unported. Esta licencia permite el uso, distribución y reproducción del artículo en cualquier medio, siempre y cuando se otorgue el crédito correspondiente al autor del artículo y al medio en que se publica, en este caso, Medwave.