Key Words: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, physiopathology, diagnosis, treatment
Abstract
Background
The 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19) spread rapidly around the world. The extent and ultimate effect are still unclear, as it is an ongoing and constantly evolving pandemic.
Aims
To compile the literature and synthesize in Spanish-Latin American language the available international information describing the etiological, pathophysiological, epidemiological and management aspects of COVID-19.
Methods
Narrative review, using specific sections created in the databases. The criteria for selecting studies depended on the specific area addressed: etiological, pathophysiological, epidemiological aspects, treatment alternatives, etc. References in Spanish and English were included.
Results
The World Health Organization reports that COVID-19 is a disease of zoonotic origin that was transmitted to a human host. The first cases were identified in late 2019 and January 2020, in Wuhan city, China. It was categorized as highly contagious and transmissible between humans, which is attributed to the structural features of this novel coronavirus. The clinical presentation is variable and nonspecific, as well as its severity. With a clear tropism for the respiratory system, the most severe cases may develop pneumonia, respiratory failure, multiorgan failure and thus death. It occurs in all age groups, with a lower percentage in children under 19 years of age (2.4%). Mortality varies between countries and regions (between 1.5 to 9.3% over the total of reported cases). Associated risk factors are the presence of comorbidities, advanced age, and immunosuppression.
Conclusions
To date there have been thousands of scientific articles that attempt to explain the onset, progression, possible treatment options and global impact of the disease. There is still no certainty about the level or quality of this evidence. It is essential to generate documents synthesized and translated into Spanish or other languages that can bring this information to all the places and countries that are being impacted by this disease.
No English version is available for this article.
Esta obra de Medwave está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 3.0 Unported. Esta licencia permite el uso, distribución y reproducción del artículo en cualquier medio, siempre y cuando se otorgue el crédito correspondiente al autor del artículo y al medio en que se publica, en este caso, Medwave.
Antecedentes
El brote de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 o COVID-19 se expandió rápidamente por todo el mundo. El alcance y efecto final aún no es claro, ya que es una pandemia en curso y constante evolución.
Objetivos
Recopilar la literatura y sintetizar en idioma español-latinoamericano la información internacional disponible que describa los aspectos etiológicos, fisiopatológicos, epidemiológicos y manejo de COVID-19.
Método
Revisión narrativa. Se utilizaron apartados específicos creados en las bases de datos. Los criterios para seleccionar estudios dependieron del ámbito específico tratado: aspectos etiológicos, fisiopatológicos, epidemiológicos, alternativas de tratamiento, entre otras. Se incluyeron trabajos en idioma inglés y español.
Resultados
La Organización Mundial de la Salud informó que COVID-19 es una enfermedad de origen zoonótico que se transmitió a un huésped humano. Se identificaron los primeros casos a fines de 2019 y enero de 2020, en la ciudad de Wuhan, China. Esta enfermedad se catalogó como altamente contagiosa y transmisible entre los humanos, características estructurales particulares que se atribuyen a este nuevo coronavirus. La presentación clínica es variable e inespecífica, al igual que su gravedad. Los casos más severos pueden desarrollar neumonía, insuficiencia respiratoria, falla multiorgánica y, con esto, la muerte, presentando un claro tropismo por el sistema respiratorio. Se presenta en todas las edades, con un menor porcentaje en menores de 19 años (2,4%). La mortalidad varía entre países y regiones (entre 1,5 y 9,3% del total casos reportados). Los factores de riesgo asociados son la presencia de comorbilidades, edad avanzada e inmunodepresión.
Conclusiones
A la fecha de redacción de este trabajo, han surgido miles de artículos científicos que intentan explicar el inicio, progresión, posibles tratamientos e impacto mundial de la enfermedad. Aún no hay certeza del nivel o calidad de esta evidencia. Es imprescindible generar documentos sintetizados y traducidos al español, u otros idiomas, que puedan llevar esta información a todos los lugares y países que están siendo impactados producto de esta enfermedad.
Authors:
Rocío Fuentes-Aspe[1,2], Sayén Huaiquilaf-Jorquera[3], María-José Oliveros[1,2], Álvaro Soto[2,4,5,6]
Affiliation:
[1] Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
[2] Centro de Excelencia en Capacitación, Investigación y Gestión para la Salud Basada en Evidencia (CIGES), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
[3] Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
[4] Departamento de Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
[5] Unidad de Neurología, Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile
[6] Centro de Investigación en Epidemiología Cardiovascular y Nutricional (EPICYN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
E-mail: alvaro.soto@ufrontera.cl
Author address:
[1] Francisco Salazar 01145 Temuco, Chile
Citation: Fuentes-Aspe R, Huaiquilaf-Jorquera S, Oliveros MJ, Soto A. Characteristics of the coronavirus disease 2019: A review of emerging literature. Medwave 2021;21(5):e8206 doi: 10.5867/medwave.2021.05.8206
Submission date: 20/8/2020
Acceptance date: 2/4/2021
Publication date: 14/6/2021
Origin: Not commissioned
Type of review: Externally peer-reviewed by three reviewers, double-blind
Comments (0)
We are pleased to have your comment on one of our articles. Your comment will be published as soon as it is posted. However, Medwave reserves the right to remove it later if the editors consider your comment to be: offensive in some sense, irrelevant, trivial, contains grammatical mistakes, contains political harangues, appears to be advertising, contains data from a particular person or suggests the need for changes in practice in terms of diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic interventions, if that evidence has not previously been published in a peer-reviewed journal.
No comments on this article.
To comment please log in
Medwave provides HTML and PDF download counts as well as other harvested interaction metrics. There may be a 48-hour delay for most recent metrics to be posted.
- Epistemonikos. Methods and report. Living overview of the evidence COVID-19. L·OVE; 2021. [On line]. | Link |
- Organización Mundial de la Salud. COVID-19 : cronología de la actuación de la OMS. Ginebra: OMS; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 10. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 1. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- World Health Organization. Coronavirus. Health topics. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus Infections-More Than Just the Common Cold. JAMA. 2020 Feb 25;323(8):707-708. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020 Apr;5(4):536-544. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- World Health Organization. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Geneva: WHO; 2021. [On line]. | Link |
- World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 11. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 51. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- Beeching NJ, Fletcher TE, Fowler R. BMJ Best Practice Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). BMJ; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- Park M, Cook AR, Lim JT, Sun Y, Dickens BL. A Systematic Review of COVID-19 Epidemiology Based on Current Evidence. J Clin Med. 2020 Mar 31;9(4):967. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565-574. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020 May 5;172(9):577-582. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- World Health Organization. COVID-19 Strategy Up Date. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et al. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020 Mar 27;12(4):372. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Chen Y, Guo Y, Pan Y, Zhao ZJ. Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Feb 17;525(1):135–40. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):281-292.e6. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. Author Correction: A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020 Apr;580(7803):E7. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Malik YA. Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Malays J Pathol. 2020 Apr;42(1):3-11. | PubMed |
- Park SE. Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19). Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020 Apr;63(4):119-124. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the 'Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020 Jun;80(6):607-613. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Apr;8(4):420-422. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):1708-1720. | CrossRef | PubMed |
- Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Informe Epidemiológico N° 75 Enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Chile: MINSAL; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). WHO-China; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, Egi M, Lim C, Divatia JV, et al. Review Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ): challenges and recommendations. Lancet Respir. 2020;8(5):506–17. | CrossRef |
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists . Assessment of Evidence for COVID-19-Related Treatments: Updated 05/27/2021. ASHP 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- National Institute of Health. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. NIH; 2020. [On line]. | Link |
- Johns Hopkins University & Medicine . COVID-19 Data in Motion. 2021. [On line]. | Link |
- Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Cifras Oficiales COVID-19. Informes. Chile: MINSAL; 2021. [On line]. | Link |
- Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Informe Epidemiológico COVID-19. Chile: MINSAL; 2021. [On line]. | Link |
Epistemonikos. Methods and report. Living overview of the evidence COVID-19. L·OVE; 2021. [On line]. | Link |Organización Mundial de la Salud. COVID-19 : cronología de la actuación de la OMS. Ginebra: OMS; 2020. [On line]. | Link |World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 10. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 1. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus Infections-More Than Just the Common Cold. JAMA. 2020 Feb 25;323(8):707-708. | CrossRef | PubMed |Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020 Apr;5(4):536-544. | CrossRef | PubMed |World Health Organization. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Geneva: WHO; 2021. [On line]. | Link |World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 11. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 51. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [On line]. | Link |Beeching NJ, Fletcher TE, Fowler R. BMJ Best Practice Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). BMJ; 2020. [On line]. | Link |Park M, Cook AR, Lim JT, Sun Y, Dickens BL. A Systematic Review of COVID-19 Epidemiology Based on Current Evidence. J Clin Med. 2020 Mar 31;9(4):967. | CrossRef | PubMed |Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565-574. | CrossRef | PubMed |Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020 May 5;172(9):577-582. | CrossRef | PubMed |Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et al. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020 Mar 27;12(4):372. | CrossRef | PubMed |Chen Y, Guo Y, Pan Y, Zhao ZJ. Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Feb 17;525(1):135–40. | CrossRef | PubMed |Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):281-292.e6. | CrossRef | PubMed |Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. Author Correction: A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020 Apr;580(7803):E7. | CrossRef | PubMed |Malik YA. Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Malays J Pathol. 2020 Apr;42(1):3-11. | PubMed |Park SE. Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19). Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020 Apr;63(4):119-124. | CrossRef | PubMed |Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the 'Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020 Jun;80(6):607-613. | CrossRef | PubMed |Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Apr;8(4):420-422. | CrossRef | PubMed |Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):1708-1720. | CrossRef | PubMed |Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Informe Epidemiológico N° 75 Enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Chile: MINSAL; 2020. [On line]. | Link |World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). WHO-China; 2020. [On line]. | Link |Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, Egi M, Lim C, Divatia JV, et al. Review Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ): challenges and recommendations. Lancet Respir. 2020;8(5):506–17. | CrossRef |American Society of Health-System Pharmacists . Assessment of Evidence for COVID-19-Related Treatments: Updated 05/27/2021. ASHP 2020. [On line]. | Link |National Institute of Health. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. NIH; 2020. [On line]. | Link |Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Cifras Oficiales COVID-19. Informes. Chile: MINSAL; 2021. [On line]. | Link |Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Informe Epidemiológico COVID-19. Chile: MINSAL; 2021. [On line]. | Link |
Research papersSystematization of initiatives in sexual and reproductive health about good practices criteria in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in primary health care in Chile
Clinical, psychological, social, and family characterization of suicidal behavior in Chilean adolescents: a multiple correspondence analysis
